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1. Migrants Rights Center Ireland, December 2007, “Life in the Shadows: An Exploration of Irregular Migration in Ireland” available at
- Pathways (routes) to irregularity
- Types of State responses (prevention, removal, regularization) and effectiveness
- international law sources and EU policy developments
2. Website of PICUM (platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants)
PICUM, March 2007, “Undocumented Migrants Have Rights: An Overview of the International Human Rights Framework,” Brussels, available at
- human rights of undocumented migrants under international and European law divided by themes (physical and mental integrity; health care; adequate standard of living; fair labor conditions; education; equality before the law)
PICUM, 2008 “Undocumented Children in Europe: Invisible Victims of Immigration Restrictions,” Brussels, available at < http://www.picum.org/sites/default/files/data/Undocumented%20Children%20in%20Europe%20EN.pdf>
- focus on children
3. Website of the Clandestino Research Project (Counting the Uncountable: Data and Trends Across Europe)
Clandestino Research Project, October 2009, “Comparative Policy Brief – Size of Irregular Migration”, available at
- estimates of the size of irregular migration in European countries including the Uk evaluated in terms of reliability
Franck Duvell, 27/3/2009, “Irregular Migration in Northern Europe: Overview and Comparison”, London; COMPAS available in
- including data on UK: irregular migrants as a percentage of the (total and migrant) population; main countries/region of origin based on detention data are Indian Subcontinent, Nigeria/Ghana, and Jamaica (p. 7); paths into irregularity (“most common route is ‘overstaying’ …, working without permission, or working longer hours/in jobs than allowed” “only a small minority enter clandestinely” “many of those [who do enter illegally], in case of being apprehended could nevertheless not be deported but put on the system again…a waiting-for-removal status” (p. 8), also refused asylum-seekers (p.10)); only paths out of irregularity in the UK (amnesty for asylum seeker families; and 14-year stay)
- very brief description of immigration discourse and policy developments in the UK (p. 12-13)
4. Institute for Public Policy Research, April 2006, “Irregular Migration in the UK: An IPPR Fact File”
- Home Office 2005 estimate of the number of irregular migrants in the UK; number of enforcement actions taken from 2000-2004, including nationalities of those who have been detained and deported
- Estimated tax revenues from regularisation
- Estimated cost of deportation
- NSO 2004 statistic on immigrant movement
5. Migrant Work and Migrants’ Rights Network, May 2009, “The Urgent Need for a New Approach”, available at
- pathways to irregularity illustrated through cases
- estimates of number or irregular migrants in the UK
- employment of irregular migrants (cases)
- description of UK’s “managed migration” policy
- description of employer sanctions policy and impact on employers
- regularization in the UK: existing mechanism
- reference to positive evaluation of the 2005 regularisation program in Spain in a resolution by the Council of Europe (p. 22)
- summary of likely economic impact of regularisation in the UK discussed in relation to following themes: taxes and social security, public services; housing; social services; health care; community safety; planning (pp. 24-29)
- in the EU, “68 regularisation programmes have operated from 1973 to 2008” (p.32)
- two aims of the 2005 Spanish regularisation program
- brief description of programmes in Italy (“not regarded as successful”), USA (problematic) and Canada (limited experience)
- history of limited regularisation in the UK (p. 34)
6. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Resolution 1568 (2007), “Regularisation programmes for irregular migrants”
“10. The Assembly notes in particular the regularisation programme carried out in Spain in 2005 in which over 570 000 persons were regularised, and considers that Europe can learn from this experience. This regularisation programme has been welcomed by irregular migrants, civil society, employers and trade unions, as well as by the majority of politicians in Spain.
“13. The Assembly is aware of the criticism put forward, including in Spain, that regularisation programmes have a pull effect on irregular migration. The Assembly, however, considers that this factor may be exaggerated. If one takes the example of Spain there are a number of other important contributing factors causing irregular migration. These include Spain’s geographical location, its colonial history and linguistic ties, the high level of demand for unskilled labour and limited opportunities for regular migration. There is a further contributing factor which is the difficulty Spain has in returning irregular migrants and the fact that those irregular migrants who are not returned within forty days of being held in detention must be released.”
7. International Center for Migration Policy Development REGINE Project, February 2009, “Regularisations in Europe: Study on practices in the area of regularisation of illegally-staying third-country nationals in the Member States of the European Union,” Vienna: ICMPD, available at
- from 1996-2008, 5.5 million people have applied for regularisation; 3.5 million were regularised
- 4.7 million applied under stand-alone regularisation programs of which 3.2 million were awarded legal status
- Italy, Spain and Greece account for 84% of all known regularisation applications
- “overall impact of regularisation programs is positive”; only “limited evidence of a pull effect” (p. 4)
8. Melanie Gower, Home Affairs Section, 4 January 2010, “Asylum: ‘legacy’ cases,” Standard Note SN/HA/4439, House of Commons Library
- background and data on the legacy cases
9. Philip Cole, “Health, Human Rights and Global Justice,” available at
- on the attempt in December 2007 to remove undocumented migrants from NHS coverage
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